The Journal of Patrick Gass of Lewis & Clark Expedition-- Part 3

AUGUST 25, 1804

"Two of our men  last night caught nine catfish, that would together weigh three hundred pounds. ...Captain Lewis and Captain Clarke went to see a hill on the north side of the river where the natives will not or pretend that they will not venture to go, and say that a small people live there, whom they are afraid of. ... Captains Lewis and Clarke did not return  this evening.

AUGUST 26, 1804

About 10 o'clock Captain Lewis and Captain Clarke with the party accompanying them came to camp;  but had not been able to discover any of those small people.  The hill is in a handsome prairie; and the party saw a great many buffaloe near it."

--Brock-Perry

The Journal of Patrick Glass-- Part 2: Death of Floyd and Plenty of Food

AUGUST 20, 1804

Continuing with the death of Sergeant Floyd, the only man to die during the entire Lewis & Clark Expedition.  The service and burial of Sgt. Floyd.

"We went on about a mile to high prairie hills on the north side of the river, and there interred his remains in the most decent manner our circumstances would admit; we then proceeded  a mile further to a small river on the same side and encamped.

"Our commanding officer have it the name  of Floyd's river; to perpetuate the memory of the first man who had fallen in this important expedition."

Of course, this is when Patrick Gass became the next sergeant of the expedition.

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AUGUST 23, 1804

"Captain Clarke and one of the men killed a deer and a buffaloe, and some of the men were sent to dress and bring the buffaloe to the boat.  We stopped at a prairie on the north side, the largest and handsomest, which I have seen.  Captain Clarke called it Buffaloe prairie.  ...we salted two barrels of buffaloe meat."

--Brock-Perry

In Case You're Wondering About Patrick Gass' Journal-- Part 1

From Manuellisaparty.com.

Here are some excerpts from the journal of Patrick Gass.

AUGUST 15, 1804

Captain Lewis went with a party of twelve men to fish and took 709 fish, 167 of them large pike.  The fish here are generally pike, cat,  sun perch and other common fish.  What we caught were taken with trails or brush nets.

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AUGUST 19, 1804

This day sergeant (Charles) Floyd became very sick and remained so all night.  He was seized with a complaint somewhat like a violent cholick.

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AUGUST 20, 1804.

Sergeant Floyd continued very ill.  We embarked early and proceeded,  having a fair wind and fine weather, till 2 o'clock, when we landed for dinner.  here sergeant Floyd died, notwithstanding every possible effort was made by the commanding officers and other persons, to save his life.

To Be Continued Next Post.  --Brock-Perry

Some More On Patrick Gass-- Part 9: Working for Pension Reform

Patrick Gass was very interested in pension laws since the small amount he drew from the government was his sole means of support.  Very late in life, infirmity took hold of him and he was thrown upon the charity of the county.  

He was involved in the convention in Washington, D.C., held January 8, 1855,  A call had emanated from the veterans of the War of 1812 at a meeting in Philadelphia the year before for surviving veterans to meet in their respective neighborhoods and elect delegates for a Washington convention.  Mr. Gass had the  post of honor at Wellsburg and was one of a committee of three selected to go to D.C..

During that convention, they were received by President  Pierce and his cabinet.  However, the veterans returned home with the usual barren result.

--Brock-Perry

Some More on Patrick Gass-- Part 8: Retirement and Marriage

With the end of the War of 1812, Patrick Gass' military career also came to an end.

He retired essentially to obscurity after leading such as exciting life.  He was past forty and lived quite the remarkable life.  he had nothing to show for the past and his book on the Lewis & Clark Expedition had been a financial failure.

So, he settled down and lived as best he could, swapping soldier's stories.  he gave way to drinking and for forty years was a sad drunkard.  The marvel is that he lived so long with such habits, and that, too,  after he had endured hardship enough to undermine the constitution of most men.  He seemed to be made of steel that would neither break or bend.  (These are his biographer's words.)

What romance entered his life as a young soldier we can only infer from his character and habits.  But love conquered the old soldier at age 58, and he was married  in 1831 to Miss Maria Hamilton, 41 years younger than he was.  In fifteen years before her death in 1846, they had seven children.

--Brock-Perry

Some More on Patrick Gass-- Part 7: Service in the War of 1812

With Jackson's Army, Patrick Gass had the option of enlistment in the U.S. Army for five years, which he took.  Of course, he also got a bounty of $100 for doing so. and then marched north under the command of General Edmund P. Gaines.

Gass was at Fort Massac in Illinois in 1813; and the 1st of July 1814 found him at Pittsburgh, in a battalion under the command of Colonel Nichols, with the Northern Army, which was under the command of General Jacob Brown.

He took part in the assault on Fort Erie, and was conspicuous for his bravery in the Battle of Lundy's Lane, where he was attached to the  21st regiment under the command of the gallant Colonel James Miller.  Gass is said to have distinctly remembered hearing Miller's memorable  answer, when ordered by General Ripley to capture the British battery:  "I will try, sir."

Gass shows up gallantly  in a sortie made August 17 when he was entrusted with the duty of spiking the enemy's guns.  His selection for such duty, requiring cool  courage, was a high compliment to the sergeant and shows the estimation  in which he was held.

He was discharged  at Sackets Harbor in June 1815, and once again returned to Wellsburg.

His military career was now over.

--Brock-Perry

Some More on Patrick Gass-- Part 6: The Journal and Back to Soldiering and the War of 1812

Patrick Gass received his pay for the Lewis & Clark Expedition in gold, with the promise of future consideration, and went home to his friends in Wellsburg.

Here, he arranged with  the Irish schoolmaster, David M'Keehan, for the publication of his journal of the expedition, which appeared early in 1807, thus seven years before that of Lewis and Clark's own narrative was published.

Gass never exchanged the pen, though, for his sword.  In the spring of 1807, he was a soldier again.  He served for the next four years at the then frontier post of Kaskaskia, Illinois.

Then came the Second War of Independence, the War of 1812.  Formal declaration of war was made June 18, 1812,  under the administration of James Madison.  Shortly before this happened, Gass was at Nashville, Tennessee, where he was drafted into the regiment raised by Andrew Jackson  to fight the Creek Indians.  Some disturbances had broken out along the frontier.

--Brock-Perry

Some More on Patrick Gass-- Part 5: High Tributes to Gass' Work With the Expedition

Then, it was out to the Pacific Ocean and back for Patrick Gass and the Lewis and Clark Expedition.  Here is what Captain Lewis wrote about Gass, dated St. Louis,  October 10, 1806, attesting to his high character and good conduct:

"As a tribute justly due  to the merits of said Patrick Gass, I with cheerfulness declare, that with ample support, which he gave me, under  every difficulty; the manly firmness, which he evinced  on every  necessary occasion; and the fortitude with which he  bore the fatigues and  painful sufferings incident to that long voyage, entitles  him to my highest confidence and sincere thanks, while it eminently recommends him to the  consideration and respect  of his fellow citizens."

Remaining but a short time in St. Louis,  Gass then went to Vincennes, Indiana,  and later to Louisville, Kentucky, where, with a couple of his comrades, rejoined Lewis and Clark.    They had with them a delegation of Indians, headed by Chief Big White, whom the were taking to Washington.  

They paid their respected to President Jefferson, made their report to the proper officials, delivered their specimens and curiosities, and were discharged.

--Brock-Perry

Some More About Patrick Gass-- Part 4: To Kasakaskia and Joining Lewis & Clark

At this point, Patrick Gass had decided to make the Army his career.  His intelligence and other merits caused his promotion ton non-commissioned officer.  His duties were to recruit new soldiers and arrest deserters.

In 1801, Gass went with a company commanded by  Captain Bissell up the Tennessee River and in the Autumn of 1802, Captain Bissel's company, with a battery of  artillery, were sent to Kaskaskia, Illinois,  They were there in the autumn of 1803 when a call was made for recruits  to accompany the expedition of Lewis and Clark.

Captain Lewis himself came to  Kaskaskia in search of  suitable members of his group.  Here, he met one Patrick Gass, and the rest, as they say, was history.

To one of Gass'  adventurous and hardy nature, this was a golden opportunity. He instantly volunteered.  However, Captain Bissell objected and tried to keep Gass.  But the resolute Patrick tracked Lewis down and told him he wanted to go.  Over Bissell's objection, Lewis got Gass.

--Brock-Perry

Major Jonathan Cass-- Part 2

From Find-A-Grave

BIRTH:     Born 29 October 1753 in  Exeter, New Hampshire

DEATH:  9 August 1830 (aged 76) Dresden, Ohio

BURIAL:   Dresden Cemetery  Dresden, Ohio

He was a soldier at Bunker Hill, and officer in the Revolution and, under General Wayne, brought peace to the Northwest Frontier after the war.

From New England, he migrated to the wilds of the Northwest Territory and on the 4,000 acres of Military Lands he purchased, he led a peaceful life until death claimed him.

He was one of the founders of Dresden, Ohio.

There are a lot of Cass's buried at this cemetery.

--Brock-Perry

Major Jonathan Cass

Patrick Cass re-enlisted in the U.S. Army, under this man's command.  

From Military.wikia.

Major John Cass (29 October 1753- 4 August 1830)

He was a soldier of the American Revolution who enlisted as a private the day after the Battle of Lexington.  He served in the Army until the end of the war and was in all of the important battles in the eastern and middle states, where he was distinguished for his valor and conduct.

Afterwards, he was a major in Gen. Anthony Wayne's Army fighting against the Indians in the Old Northwest.

He died at an advanced age at his residence in Dresden, Muskegon County, Ohio.

Lewis Cass was his son, who went on to serve as the United States' 14th Secretary of War and the 22nd Secretary of State.

--Brock-Perry

Some More About Patrick Gass-- Part 3: Met George Washington and James Buchanan

While stationed at Wheeling Creek, young Patrick Gass made the acquaintance of famed frontier scout Lewis Wetzel, whose accomplishments rivaled those of Daniel Boone, but who also had a deep hatred of Indians and rarely missed a chance to kill one.

With peace restored, Gass  became a carpenter, having bound himself in 1794 for  two years or more.  he built at least one house (which still stood in Wellsburg in 1859, and also worked on a house for Mr. James Buchanan, father of a boy who went on to become President of the United States.    Gass referred to the son as "Little Jimmy."

About this time , in 1794, Patrick also met  General Washington, when the latter led troops out to defeat the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794.  Patrick remained neutral in the fight, though.

Gass apparently stuck to his carpenter trade until at least until May 1799.  At that time, relations between France and the United States worsened and Gass enlisted in the 19th Regiment under General Alexander Hamilton.

He was sent to Harpers Ferry in June, 1800, but was soon discharged at Little York, Pennsylvania.  However, Gass found that he really enjoyed the military life, he immediately reenlisted under Major Jonathan Cass, the father of General Lewis Cass.

--Brock-Perry

Some More About Patrick Gass-- Part 2

In 1775,  Gass' father moved over  South Mountain into Maryland.  From 1777 to 1780 the boy lived with his grandfather, and was supposed to go to school; but he says himself that he never learned  to read, write, or cipher till he had come of age.

His next recorded move was in 1780 memorable  for the severity of its winter and the deplorable state of the American  army.  In 1782 the family "went west" -- that is, across the Alleghenies.

In 1784 and the next year, they continued their movement westward, eventually reaching Catfish Camp, named after an Indian chief about half way between the Monongahela and Ohio rivers.  Here Patrick seems to have developed  some of his qualities, for he used to explore the vicinity, and has left his impressions  of the site, as it was in 1790, of what is now Wellsburg, W. Va.

By 1792, having attained his majority, he was stationed as a soldier under Captain Caton at Yellow Creek, guarding the frontier against Indians.  These had long been troublesome, and were just then elated at having defeated General Arthur St. Clair's army in November, 1791.  General Anthony Wayne was sent against them, and the militia all along the frontier was drafted into service.

Patrick had been serving in his father's place and was soon pressed into military service himself and stationed at Bennett's fort, on Wheeling Creek, near Wheeling; but he seems not to have had any  actual engagement.  Indian hostilities were soon put down entirely and forever in the region by the defeat of the Redskins on the Miami by General Wayne in August 1792.

--Brock-Perry

Some More About Patrick Gass, Famous Irish Sergeant

From West Virginia Genealogy Trails  "Patrick M. Gass: Journal Writer of the Lewis & Clark Expedition" by Dr. Coues.

Gass was born June 12, 1771, at Falling Springs, Cumberland County, near what was afterwards Chambersburg, Franklin County, Pennsylvania.  When Mr. Jacob wrote about him in 1858, he was a hale and hearty old man, and already long lone survivor of the Lewis & Clark's Expedition.  His vigor and vitality were astonishing; the more so, considering the hardships he had long endured, and his many years of the besetting sin of an old soldier.

In stature he was low, having in his most erect manhood never exceeded five feet seven; he was compactly built, broad-chested and strong-limbed, lean and wiry; only very late in life was he bowed and crippled with rheumatism.

When nearly 99 years old he retained his mental faculties, and had a good, sound memory for the events of nearly a century.

He died April 3d 1870. 

Quite a Life.  --Brock-Perry

Wellsburg Has Another Patrick Gass Marker

This is located along the Ohio River in downtown Wellsburg, West Virginia.

And, I had never heard of this person before.

Inscription:

"Sergeant on the Lewis & Clark Expedition, he published the first  account of the exploration in 1807.

Veteran of the War of 1812, he fought at the battle of Lundy's Lane and at Fort Erie.

Citizen of Wellsburg  for more than a half century, he married and raised a family  on Grog Run and Pierce's Run.  He is now buried in  Brooke County Cemetery.

The bust of Patrick Gass as a young man on the Lewis & Clark Expedition was sculpted by Agnes Vincen Talbot of Boise, Idaho and presented to the people of Wellsburg by members of the Lewis & Clark Trail heritage Foundation, assisted by the National Park Service Challenge Cost Share Program .

August 2, 2002."

--Brock-Perry

Wellsburg, WV, Has Another Lewis & Clark Connection-- Part 2: Patrick Gass

Also on the same sign is this about Patrick Gass:

Text and photo of Patrick Gas

Patrick Gass (1771-1870) Meriwether Lewis considered Gass a man of "capacity, diligence and integrity."  Gass, a good soldier and a first rate carpenter, volunteered for the expedition, over the  objections of his superiors, while stationed at Fort Kaskaskia in Illinois.

When Sgt. Floyd (the expedition's only casualty) died on 20 August 1804, Gass was elected by the party to replace him as "Sergeant  in the corps of volunteers for North Western  Discovery."

Gass returned to Wellsburg after the expedition - he was the last  living member   of the Corps of Discovery at his death in 1870.

--Brock-Perry

 

Wellsburg, WV, Has Another Lewis & Clark Expedition Connection-- Part 1

Not only is there a historical marker in Wellsburg, West Virginia for Patrick Gass, who lived there after the War of 1812, but there is another one about a Lewis & Clark connection for the town.

From the Historical Marker Project.

THE LEWIS & CLARK CONNECTION

The Corps of Discovery, under the command of Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, was the first official expedition through the interior of the continent sponsored by the United States.

Captain Meriwether Lewis passed Charles Town in Virginia (later renamed Welsburg) on September  7, 1803.  Lewis  brought the expedition's keelboat down the Ohio River to rendezvous with  William Clark near  Louisville, Kentucky.

He wrote in his journal:

"...passed  Charles town on the E. shore above the mouth of the Buffaloe over which there is a hansome wooden  bridge, this has the appearance of a handsome little village, containing about  forty houses...."

Meriwether Lewis,  September 7, 1803.

The expedition spent the winter of 1803-1804 at a camp located by  what is today Wood River, Illinois, preparing for their  arduous  journey to the Pacific and back.

--Brock-Perry

Big 250th Birthday Bash for Patrick Gass in Wellsburg, WV

From the  June 12, 2021, WTRF "Wellsburg throws 250th birthday for historical figure Patrick Gass" by Aliah Keller.

It was the 250th birthday of Patrick Gass as well as the dedication of his military stone.

Gass, who once lived in Wellsburg, West Virginia, for over fifty years,  was a sergeant in the Lewis & Clark Expedition and published the first account of it in the early 1800s.  He is also a veteran of the War of 1812 and fought at the Battle of Lundy's Lane and Fort Erie.

The celebration on Saturday started off with a march and then a musket salute by the Tri-State Marine Corps.  re-enactors were there as were Gass' great-great grandchildren and their children.

--Brock-Gass

Patrick Gass-- Part 5: After the War of 1812

After his honorable discharge from the U.S. Army, Patrick Gass worked at many jobs, first in Ohio and then in what is now West Virginia.

Still a bachelor at age 60, he accepted a construction job from a man named Hamilton, at Wellsburg,  and soon eloped with the man's 20-year-old daughter Maria.  The couple settled in a rented cabin and Gass began farming.

They had seven children, six of whom survived into adulthood.  When their last child was a baby, Maria died during a measles epidemic at age  thirty-six.

Patrick was then seventy-five, but raised the children alone.  Until nearly the end of his life, he walked four miles  into Wellsburg to pick up his mail.  He died  at age ninety-nine, the last member of the expedition to die.

--Brock-Perry

Patrick Gass-- Part 4: No Problems and the War of 1812

Despite his duties as a non-commissioned officer, Gass sometimes joined  the expedition's hunting trips.  He experienced no outstanding  adventures on the journey,  and no major injuries or illnesses.  However, he did slip in a canoe and fell back across the  gunwale which invalided him off the Jefferson River and into Lewis' advance party that located the Shoshones in August 1805.

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AFTERWARDS

Gass stayed in the Army after the expedition and served in the War of 1812.  

At one point during the war, he worked  under Daniel Boone in the construction of a small, temporary fort on the Mississippi River known as Fort Independence, or "Cap-au-Gris."

At the Battle of Lundy's Landing, he suffered the loss of an eye and was discharged from the Army.

--Brock-Perry

Patrick Gass & Corps of Discovery-- Part 3: Building Camp Wood, Fort Mandan and Fort Clapsop

There is no doubt that Patrick Gass was carpenter-in-charge for building Camp Wood, Fort Mandan and Fort Clapsop.  Only in his journal is found the dimensions and layout of Fort Mandan.  

At the Great Falls of the Missouri, Lewis assigned Gass  and blacksmith Shields to craft and  fit the interior braces of the iron boat, once they located suitable lumber.  In October  1805, on the Clearwater River in Idaho, Gass and three others repaired a canoe that had split open and doused the stock of trade goods.  While the "merchandize"  dried out on the 10th, they went to work and "at 1 oClock She was finished Stronger than ever" according to Clark.

When faced with the decision at the mouth of the Marias River, about which fork was the true Missouri, the captains first sent Gass and two men up the Missouri while Ordway and two others went up the Marias.  Gass marched only 6.5 miles, Ordway 10, and neither found the large expected waterfall.  Those two forays changed bo one's minds and the captains made their own separate and lengthier treks.

--Brock-Perry

Patrick Gass & the Corps of Discovery-- Part 2: About Gass's Journal That Angered Lewis

He did not learn to read or write until he was a grown man, but he did keep an expedition journal -- as was required of all sergeants.  Unless he later reconstructed  the portion predating his becoming sergeant on August 4, 1804, he must have started it even earlier when the expedition set out on May 14.

In 1807, his journal was the first to be printed.  However, it was  rewritten into formal prose.  Gass' published journal maddened Meriwether Lewis, who had not yet  had his account published.  The captain raised a public fuss with exchange of angry letters between Lewis and the book's publisher, David McKeehan of Pittsburgh.  Lewis argued that Gass' journal was unauthorized.

Six other publishers soon picked up Gass's book.  As usual for the time, the publishers, rather than the author, were the ones who made the profit.

Gass's journal, for all its shortcomings was the only authentic account of the expedition  in print until Nicholas Biddle's paraphrase of the captains' journals came out in 1814.

--Brock-Perry

Patrick Gass and the Corps of Discovery-- Part 1: Elected to Expedition Sergeant

From the Discovering Lewis & Clark site.

Along with this in formation on Patrick Gass, they have a day-by-day chronology on the Expedition, often written in William Clark's interesting spelling.

It says Gass was the Expedition's carpenter and the last surviving member.

He also became the sergeant of it by election.  A nominating  vote for replacement of Sergeant Charles Floyd was held at present-day Elk Point, South Dakota and nineteen of the group's 25 enlisted men voted for Gass as the replacement.  He must have been held in high esteem.

Pennsylvania-born Irishman Patrick Gasswas a career soldier signing up in 1799 at age 28 and wanted to join the Expedition when they arrived at his post at Fort Kaskaskia in Illinois, but his commander, Captain Russell Bissell wanted to keep him for his services as a carpenter, so Gass went to Meriwether Lewis who persuaded Bissell to let him join.

Gass had previously served in the Army Rangers and now was the expedition's third oldest member after John Shields (b. 1769) and Captain Clark (b. 1770)

--Brock-Perry

Patrick Gass-- Part 3: His Journal and Later Life

In addition to Lewis & Clark, he kept a journal of the groups adventures in the new country and 1807, his was the first to be published.  He named it "Corps of Discovery."  The book was first printed and distributed in Pittsburgh at $1.00 a copy.  It was later reprinted in England and translated into French and German.

A reprint is presently being sold by the University of Nebraska Press.  The University of Nebraska at  Lincoln  online version of the Lewis & Clark journals gives 220 entries to the Gass journal.

At the age of 60,  he married Maria  Hamilton, aged 20.  She bore him seven children (six of whom survived into adulthood over the remaining 15 years of her life.  They settled in Wellsburg, West Virginia, where he died at 99 years of age, the oldest surviving member of the expedition.

--Brock-Perry

Patrick Gass, Lewis & Clark and War of 1812-- Part 2: Carpenter in Expedition and Tried to Enlist in Civil War

This is when Patrick Gass joined the Lewis & Clark Expedition to explore and map the new Louisiana Purchase territory.

His skill as a carpenter was very important to the undertaking. He led the construction of the Corps' three winter  quarters, hewed dugout canoes and built wagons to portage the canoes 18 miles around the Falls  of the Missouri.

On the return trip, Gass was given  command of the majority of the party for a short period while Clark and Lewis led smaller detachments on  separate expeditions.

After the expedition returned, he remained in the Army and served during the War of 1812 where he lost an eye at the Battle of Lundy's Lane.

With the coming of the Civil War in 1861, Gass had to be physically removed from a recruiting station at age 91 when he wanted to sign up to fight the rebels.

Quite the Man, But That's Not All.  --Brock-Perry

Patrick Gass, Member Lewis & Clark Expedition and War of 1812 Veteran-- Part 1

I'd never heard of him before.  Looks like another trip to good ol' Wikipedia.

PATRCK GASS

(June 12, 1771 to April 2, 1870)

Served as a sergeant in the Lewis & Clark Expedition (1804-1806).  He was important to the expedition because  of his service as a carpenter and he published the first  journal of the expedition in 1807, seven years before the first publication based on Lewis and Clark's journals.

He was born in Pennsylvania and began his military career in  1792 in a Virginia militia or ranger company stationed in Wheeling (now West Virginia) fighting Indians.  In 1794, he helped build the house of James Buchanan, Sr., near Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, and became acquainted with  the young future president of the United States, James Buchanan.

He joined the U.S. Army  in 1803 and served in Kaskaskia, Illinois, near St. Louis.

And, then he entered the history books.

--Brock-Perry

War of 1812, American Revolution Events in June

From the 2021 American Battlefield Trust June calendar page.

AMERICAN REVOLUTION

June 17, 1775--  The Battle of Bunker Hill (or do you say Breed's Hill?)

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WAR OF 1812

June 18, 1812--  U.S. declares war on Great Britain.  Then it was off to the races.  

The war is also known as "Mr. Madison's War" and "The Second American Revolution."

--Brock-Perry

Patrick Gass, Member of Lewis & Clark Expedition and War of 1812 Veteran

From the May 27, 2021, Weirton (West Virginia)  Daily Times  "Ohio Valley preserving  its history."

The Brooke County, West Virginia, commissioners  have announced that a military marker  will recognize a soldier who served in the early part of the 19th century.

Patrick Gass was a member of the Lewis & Clark Expedition and fought in the War of 1812 before settling in Wellsburg.  Gass, who lost an eye in the war; his wife, Maria, whom he married when he was sixty; and their family made their home in the Pierce Run area.  They are buried in  Brooke Cemetery.

His adventures and service  will be recognized at noon on June 12 when a marker  near the gazebo overlooking the Wellsburg Wharf is dedicated.  It will be a special day , featuring war re-enactors and descendants of Gass.  And, it will fall on the 250th anniversary of his birth.

There have been a few detours along the way to this latest recognition of Gass, whose bust and another marker are already located near the gazebo.  The latest  marker, which had been slated  to have been placed at his grave, had been damaged during shipping, but officials at the U.S.  Department of Veteran Affairs were able to provide a replica, which has been installed at the gazebo.

--Brock-Perry